Table of Contents
ToggleChronic disease management has become the defining challenge of the U.S. healthcare system. More than six in ten Americans live with at least one chronic condition, and four in ten live with two or more. These patients account for the vast majority of healthcare spending, utilization, and clinician workload. Yet the dominant care model remains episodic, visit-driven, and reactive.
The mismatch is structural. Chronic conditions do not progress in 15-minute visits. They evolve daily—through medication adherence, lifestyle behaviors, therapy participation, behavioral health stability, and environmental factors that rarely surface during scheduled appointments. As a result, outcomes suffer, preventable utilization rises, and clinicians experience increasing burnout.
Recognizing this reality, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has made its long-term direction clear: chronic care must become longitudinal, measurable, technology-enabled, and outcome-driven. The ACCESS Model—Advancing Chronic Care with Effective, Scalable Solutions—represents that direction.
ACCESS is not a single pilot, CPT code, or temporary initiative. It is a strategic framework that reflects how CMS expects chronic care to be delivered, measured, and paid for in the years ahead.
The ACCESS Model (Advancing Chronic Care with Effective, Scalable Solutions) is a CMS-aligned framework designed to modernize how chronic care is delivered and reimbursed. Rather than paying primarily for encounters, ACCESS emphasizes continuous care delivery, measurable patient improvement, and long-term engagement.
Importantly, ACCESS is not a standalone billing program. Instead, it serves as an umbrella model that aligns and extends existing CMS initiatives such as:
ACCESS signals a shift in expectations: providers are increasingly accountable for outcomes that occur between visits, not just services delivered during them.
The Chronic Care Crisis
CMS data consistently shows that chronic conditions drive:
Traditional fee-for-service models were never designed to support continuous disease management or multi-disciplinary coordination.
The Limits of Visit-Based Reimbursement
Under encounter-based payment:
CMS has acknowledged that paying only for visits creates misaligned incentives that undermine both outcomes and sustainability.
CMS’s Long-Term Strategy
ACCESS aligns directly with CMS’s broader strategy to:
In short, ACCESS reflects how CMS expects chronic care to function—not temporarily, but structurally.
ACCESS replaces episodic care with ongoing accountability. Providers are responsible not only for clinical decisions, but also for how patients perform over time—weeks, months, and years.
This includes:
Technology under ACCESS is foundational, not optional. CMS explicitly recognizes the role of:
These tools allow care teams to monitor patients continuously without unsustainable manual effort.
ACCESS supports care delivered by multidisciplinary teams, operating at the top of their licenses. Nurses, care coordinators, therapists, pharmacists, and behavioral health professionals all play essential roles, with physicians providing oversight rather than performing every task.
Success under ACCESS is measured by:
Volume alone is no longer sufficient.
ACCESS supports predictable, recurring reimbursement structures that allow practices to invest in infrastructure, staffing, and technology without relying on visit churn.
ACCESS does not replace existing CMS programs — it connects and elevates them.
CMS designed ACCESS as a unifying care delivery framework, not a new billing silo. Each program (CCM, PCM, RPM, APCM) solves a specific problem in chronic care. ACCESS defines how they must work together to deliver outcomes at scale.
Think of ACCESS as the operating model, and CCM, PCM, RPM, and APCM as execution tools within that model.
Chronic Care Management (CCM) supports patients who:
CMS created CCM to recognize that most chronic care work happens outside office visits.
CCM reimburses:
Before CCM:
CCM was CMS’s first major step toward longitudinal accountability.
Under ACCESS:
ACCESS reframes CCM as:
Instead of asking:
“Did we spend 20 minutes this month?”
ACCESS asks:
“Did this patient actually improve, stabilize, or avoid deterioration?”
CCM supplies:
ACCESS supplies:
With ACCESS:
CCM becomes the spine of chronic care operations.
Principal Care Management (PCM) targets patients with:
Examples:
PCM recognizes that single-condition patients can be as complex as multi-condition patients.
CMS observed that:
PCM fills that gap.
Under ACCESS:
ACCESS ensures:
Instead of:
“The specialist managed their piece”
ACCESS expects:
“The patient improved across the entire care ecosystem”
With ACCESS:
PCM becomes focused intensity within a broader outcome framework, not isolated expertise.
Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) captures:
RPM answers a critical question:
“What is happening to the patient when they are not in front of us?”
Chronic deterioration almost always:
RPM transforms chronic care from:
Under ACCESS:
ACCESS expects RPM data to:
CMS does not view RPM as:
“Collecting vitals for billing”
CMS views RPM as:
“Infrastructure for outcome accountability”
With ACCESS:
RPM becomes the eyes and ears of longitudinal care.
Advanced Primary Care Management (APCM) represents CMS’s move toward:
APCM reflects CMS’s belief that:
Managing chronic populations requires simpler payments and deeper responsibility
CMS learned that:
APCM reduces friction while raising accountability.
ACCESS provides the care delivery blueprint that APCM assumes already exists.
APCM expects:
ACCESS defines how practices must operate to succeed under APCM.
Without ACCESS-style infrastructure:
With ACCESS:
APCM is where CMS is going.
ACCESS is how to survive and succeed when you get there.
| Traditional Care | ACCESS Model |
| Visit-driven | Continuous |
| Reactive | Proactive |
| Physician-centric | Team-based |
| In-clinic focused | Hybrid and remote |
| Volume-based | Outcome-based |
| Fragmented data | Integrated intelligence |
Patient Identification and Enrollment
Practices identify eligible patients based on chronic conditions, risk stratification, and utilization patterns.
Care Plan Development
Personalized care plans establish baselines, goals, and monitoring thresholds across physical and behavioral domains.
Ongoing Monitoring and Engagement
RPM data, patient-reported outcomes, and engagement signals inform daily and weekly workflows—not just scheduled visits.
Physician Oversight and Documentation
Clinicians supervise care delivery, review progress, adjust plans, and ensure audit-ready documentation.
At this point, the ACCESS framework transitions from policy to operational reality. As explored in “The ACCESS Model and the Platform Practitioners Need to Do Well in Outcome-Based Care,” outcome-based reimbursement fundamentally reshapes how physicians operate.
Under ACCESS, performance risk shifts to the practice level. Outcomes are influenced less by isolated clinical decisions and more by what happens outside the clinic—adherence, therapy participation, behavioral health stability, and sustained engagement.
Physicians become orchestrators of care ecosystems rather than sole point-of-care providers. Continuous monitoring, structured engagement, interdisciplinary coordination, and longitudinal documentation become core business functions, not optional enhancements.
The ACCESS model is built on a simple but disruptive truth:
Most outcome-determining events in chronic care do not happen during office visits.
They happen:
Traditional care models are blind to this reality. ACCESS exists because CMS understands that outcome accountability is impossible without continuous visibility.
The Visit Is a Snapshot, Not a Story
An office visit captures:
It does not capture:
A patient can appear “stable” during a visit and still be declining steadily at home.
Chronic Deterioration Is Gradual, Not Sudden
Most hospitalizations and acute events are preceded by weeks of subtle decline:
Without continuous monitoring, these signals remain invisible until crisis.
Physiologic Metrics Are Only the First Layer
RPM provides objective data such as:
These metrics are critical because they:
But physiology alone does not explain outcomes.
ACCESS explicitly recognizes that clinical outcomes are multi-dimensional.
Therapy works only if it is performed.
Key adherence signals include:
Without tracking adherence:
Outcomes increasingly depend on function, not just physiology.
Examples:
Functional decline often precedes clinical deterioration.
ACCESS expects:
Pain is dynamic, subjective, and outcome-defining.
What matters is not:
Without continuous tracking:
Mobility decline is one of the earliest indicators of worsening health.
Decreasing activity often signals:
ACCESS values mobility as a leading indicator, not an afterthought.
Behavioral health is not a side concern — it is an outcome multiplier.
Key signals include:
These directly affect:
Without behavioral insight:
Silent deterioration occurs when:
By the time decline is visible:
ACCESS is designed to eliminate this blind spot.
From Reactive to Predictive
Continuous monitoring allows care teams to:
This transforms care from:
“Respond when something breaks”
To:
“Prevent breakage before it occurs”
Enables Risk Stratification in Real Time
Not all patients need the same intensity at all times.
Continuous data allows:
ACCESS expects dynamic intensity, not static care plans.
Under ACCESS:
Without continuous monitoring:
CMS is signaling:
If you cannot see what is happening between visits, you cannot be accountable for outcomes.
Phone calls, spreadsheets, and ad hoc follow-ups:
ACCESS assumes automation, integration, and intelligence.
Data without workflows is useless.
ACCESS expects:
CMS does not view monitoring as:
“An add-on service”
CMS views it as:
Foundational infrastructure for outcome-based care
Without it:
Under ACCESS, engagement is no longer a soft metric. It directly correlates with outcomes and reimbursement. Automated, condition-specific engagement pathways—reminders, education, feedback, and escalation—are now essential infrastructure.
When engagement drops, outcomes decline. When engagement improves, progress accelerates. ACCESS ties this relationship directly to financial sustainability.
Documentation under ACCESS is not just about compliance. It is about proving improvement over time.
Practices must demonstrate:
Longitudinal analytics replace static notes. Manual documentation cannot scale to meet these demands.
ACCESS assumes chronic care is inherently interdisciplinary. Behavioral health, therapy, medical management, and social factors are deeply interconnected.
Siloed systems undermine accountability. ACCESS requires synchronized care orchestration across disciplines, supported by shared data and workflows.
Outcome-based reimbursement ties revenue to:
Practices must align operational execution with financial modeling—something traditional billing systems were never designed to do.
Most Electronic Health Records were architected to solve three core problems:
Their design assumptions were:
For decades, this worked reasonably well in a fee-for-service world.
ACCESS changes every one of these assumptions.
The ACCESS model expects:
Traditional EHRs were never designed for this mode of operation.
In most EHRs:
If something does not happen during an encounter, it is:
ACCESS requires visibility between encounters: daily RPM data, weekly engagement signals, monthly care management actions, behavioral health trends, therapy adherence patterns. EHRs struggle because:
Outcome accountability cannot be built on episodic scaffolding.
EHR workflows are optimized for:
ACCESS cares about:
Traditional EHRs capture what was done, not what changed. Outcome analytics are manual, retrospective, and often external to the EHR—creating blind spots under outcome-based reimbursement.
Most RPM tools:
Under ACCESS:
Disconnected RPM creates delayed response, missed deterioration, staff overload, and documentation gaps. Data without orchestration increases risk instead of reducing it.
In many systems:
CCM often feels like “extra work layered on top of visits.”
ACCESS expects CCM to be core, structured, repeatable, and outcome-oriented. EHRs do not manage monthly cycles well, do not automate engagement pathways, and do not link CCM effort to outcomes—driving burnout, compliance risk, and financial leakage.
Behavioral health data is often stored separately, restricted due to privacy, documented narratively, and difficult to trend.
ACCESS recognizes behavioral health drives adherence, adherence drives outcomes, and outcomes drive reimbursement. Without behavioral insight: care plans fail silently, non-adherence is misattributed, outcomes degrade unpredictably. EHRs lack longitudinal behavioral signal tracking, integration with engagement workflows, and predictive analytics.
EHRs are primarily optimized for physicians, documentation, and orders. Care managers, nurses, therapists, and coordinators often work around the system using external tools, duplicating documentation, and tracking tasks manually.
ACCESS assumes care is delivered by teams, engagement is distributed, tasks are orchestrated, and accountability is shared. Traditional EHRs do not coordinate across disciplines or provide real-time performance visibility—creating friction and burnout.
In fee-for-service, fragmentation was inconvenient. Under outcome-based reimbursement, fragmentation becomes economic risk: missed signals lead to missed interventions, poorer outcomes, financial loss, revenue volatility, audit vulnerability, burnout, and patient dissatisfaction. ACCESS converts operational gaps into economic risk.
CMS is not saying: “Replace your EHR”
CMS is saying: “Your EHR alone is not sufficient for outcome-based chronic care.”
Practices need:
These functions sit outside traditional EHR design assumptions.
Under ACCESS, successful practices operate with:
The platform:
Success under ACCESS requires a single, outcome-oriented care platform—one that integrates enrollment, monitoring, engagement, therapy, behavioral health, documentation, analytics, and reimbursement alignment into a unified operating system.
Platform-led practices gain scalability, predictability, and resilience. Manual, disconnected workflows do not.
CMS has made its trajectory clear:
ACCESS is not a future experiment. It is the blueprint for modern chronic care.
The ACCESS Model sets a national vision for proactive, coordinated, and measurable chronic care — a vision that aligns naturally with how modern care teams want to operate. HealthArc supports this vision by providing the operational infrastructure and care orchestration needed to turn policy intent into everyday clinical practice.
ACCESS underscores that patients need steady engagement, care teams need shared visibility, and leaders need actionable insights into population health. Most importantly, organizations need scalable workflows that support continuous care without overwhelming clinicians with administrative burden.
To support the expectations of the ACCESS Model, HealthArc brings together the essential elements of long-term chronic care delivery:
Together, these capabilities help practices operate in a way that aligns with the ACCESS Model’s requirements — transforming chronic care from reactive, visit-centric interactions into coordinated, measurable, continuous care that improves outcomes for patients and supports sustainable practice performance.
ACCESS makes one truth unavoidable: outcome-based care succeeds or fails at the infrastructure level. Clinical expertise alone is not enough.
Practices that invest in continuous engagement, real-time intelligence, interdisciplinary coordination, behavioral integration, and outcome-aligned financial systems will define the next era of chronic care.
ACCESS does not merely reward effort.
It rewards systems that are built to deliver outcomes—consistently and at scale.
The ACCESS Model is a CMS framework that improves chronic care by moving from visit-based treatment to care delivery that is continuous, outcome-driven, and supported by technology.
No. ACCESS is not a billing program that works on its own. It is a strategic framework that brings together CMS programs like CCM, RPM, PCM, and APCM into one care model.
CMS created ACCESS because people with chronic conditions need ongoing care, not just visits every now and then. Payment models based on visits didn’t work for long-term engagement, early intervention, or measurable outcomes.
ACCESS replaces care that is reactive and based on visits with care that is proactive and long-term, with a focus on monitoring, engagement, team coordination, and measuring outcomes over time.
Traditional care is all about visits and volume. ACCESS is all about ongoing care, team-based workflows, remote monitoring, and results like stability, improvement, and less use of services.
No. ACCESS links and improves these programs. In the larger ACCESS care delivery framework, CCM, RPM, PCM, and APCM are tools that help with execution.
ACCESS is built on technology. CMS wants remote monitoring, digital care plans, automated engagement, and long-term analytics to help keep everyone accountable all the time.
Most chronic deterioration occurs gradually between appointments. ACCESS needs to be able to see outside the clinic to find early signs of decline and keep people from going to the hospital when they don’t need to.
ACCESS makes multidisciplinary care official. Doctors are in charge, but nurses, care coordinators, therapists, pharmacists, and behavioral health professionals all have a part to play.
ACCESS includes behavioral health in chronic care because mental health has a direct impact on adherence, engagement, and long-term outcomes. It is not an extra but a core driver.
ACCESS focuses on improvement, stability, adherence, functional gains, engagement, and reduced utilization, not just the services provided or the time spent.
Doctors go from focusing on individual visits to coordinating care, which means managing teams, keeping track of progress, changing plans, and making sure that goals are met over time.
Most EHRs are focused on encounters and billing. ACCESS needs continuous data, team workflows, outcome tracking, and real-time engagement. Traditional EHRs weren’t built to handle these things.
To meet ACCESS standards, practices need to be constantly watched, have automated engagement, work across disciplines, have long-term analytics, and have documentation that is in line with outcomes.
ACCESS is a sign that CMS is moving toward chronic care models that are based on outcomes, continuous, and scalable, and that reward measurable improvement instead of the number of visits.
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